For any measure of educational outcomes there is a ready-made body of literature suggesting that increasing spending to support free primary education (FPE) will not increase outcomes. I have my doubts about this research and always keep my eyes open for counterexamples. This paper, while noting the other literature, finds the opposite. With increased funding in Kenya, retention rates increase, and outcomes (including gender parity) also increase. It's not automatic, though. "The assumption that the poor will always benefit from such interventions such as FPE in Kenya may not be true if the channels of that subsidy are the limited public schools and there is a 'scramble' for them."
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