Worth noting. "Shadow courses, also called parallel courses, are offered by commercial third-parties... a clone of an official university or college course offered in a language other than English... Students submit their assignments and take tests and exams on campus, but instead of actually attending classes at the university or college, they instead they turn to the shadow course." Sarah Elaine Eaton stresses several times that these courses are "unauthorized" and that "such companies may also offer additional (and sometimes illegal) services, such as hiring an individual to sit an exam in a student's place." It feels to me like an over-reaction (as do the concerns that they might be mistaken for real university courses, or that they might violate copyright). The real danger to academic institutions is that the commercial operators are doing such a good job students pay extra to attend both, one for the degree, the other for the actual learning.
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