The author of this article (15 page PDF) writes, "those in positions often labeled as "leadership" need to make a valuable shift: to guiding, inspiring, and facilitating rather than directing." She describes two approaches to this: transformational, and transactional. The focus of the former is "on designing a positive future for the organization or entity in collaboration with the people whom they lead" while "transactional leaders use systems of rewards and punishments to exert 'control' over the goals and solutions." Leadership is supported with the skill or competency of "transformational giftedness", "focusing on the positive changes that result from their actions as their rewards," and the bulk of the article is dedicated toward describing the attributes and practices of "exceptionally talented leaders" using the Discovering Intellectual Strengths and Capabilities while Observing Varied Ethnic Responses (DISCOVER) framework.
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