This paper (10 page PDF) describes the decisions behind the design of PushPin (see also), a "local-first collaborative corkboard app designed to collect all the information you need and synchronize it across all your computers." Warning: this is "experimental software and currently implements an extremely open and permissive sharing system!" That said, the discussion is quite interesting and even if you're not intending to build such a system, a good reading will provide an overview of some of the major considerations and options available for writing such applications. It focuses on Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) "data structures that can be concurrently updated by multiple users on different devices", and P2P replication protocols that "allow updates from one device to be propagated to other devices that have a copy of the data, without relying on cloud services."
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